Pb Free

I’m really excited about a new option for those of us who are prototyping solar assemblies or evaluating new tabbing ribbon materials. I’ve been waiting for something like this – everything you need to solder solar cells together in one package. The turn around time is key too – you may recall an older post where I learned how quickly these materials shipped.

On the website where these kits are offered, the description reads:

“Tabbing ribbon kits come with everything you need to evaluate how Indium Corporation materials will work with your solar cells and assembly process. The kits can be used to:
- Evaluate which tabbing ribbon size is best for your design
- Determine which flux is best for your operation
- Experiment with new solder coating alloys
- Assemble a few solar panels”

The tabbing ribbon kits come in 3 flavors:

- Standard Sn/Pb/Ag (62Sn/36Pb/2Ag)

- Pb-Free (96Sn/4Ag)

- Low Temp Pb-Free (58Bi/42Sn)

I have a feeling the Low Temp Pb-Free kits are really going to be the most popular of the 3 that are offered though. Application temperature ranges will determine which kit to use, but all three versions of the kits are said to offer similar base copper sizes and tolerances:
“The ribbon itself is industry standard CDA 110 (99.9% Cu) core flat wire, coated with a precisely controlled layer of solder. Each ribbon is manufactured using our proprietary softening process so you can increase the yield of your stringing process.” Basically, this means that the softer tabbing ribbon will help eliminate the breakage of thinned cells during the heating/cooling cycle.

It also includes some matching bus ribbon to complete your panel build. If you’re trying to find the right flux, this kit serves dually as a flux evaluation kit as well. The kit is loaded with VOC-Free flux, rosin-based flux, and resin-based tabbing fluxes. I prefer GS-5454 as a flux for most tabbing operations, but you can see how the others stack up as well.

Let me know how you like the kit after you try it out!

~Jim

(jhisert@indium.com)

I mentioned in a previous a blog posting that the primary driver for halogen-free electronics is ostensibly environmental, but that the confusion about “which halogens and which molecules and what level?” has seemingly decoupled the laudable desire for an improved environment from the reality and made it more of a marketing tool. All this notwithstanding, there remain some instances where the performance of the final product itself can be directly impacted by the presence of halogens, usually as ionic halides. This is the reason why Indium Corporation recently developed what appears, at first glance, to be an odd combination: a high-Pb (high-lead) alloy halogen-free die-attach solder paste, Indium9.72-HF.

The halogen-related failure mode for die-attach solder pastes is the corrosion of wirebond pads on the topside of Power Semiconductor die which are soldered to the leadframe with halogen-containing solder paste. Many manufacturers producing high volumes of identical power devices may also use die-attach (sometimes called “soft solder die attach”, SSDA) wire to attach the die to the leadframes in a fluxless process, but many manufacturers prefer the inherent flexibility of a solder paste-based process for medium mix / medium volume applications.

Long term blog readers will recall that I did a posting on solderspatter (a.k.a. soldersplatter or soldersplash), and that it can be caused by bubbles of solvent vapor or moisture outgassing from solder paste deposits during reflow. In bursting, the tiny flux droplets or solder particles from the surface of the bubble can be propelled quite a distance (several feet). While solder on wirebond pads is clearly a failure from a reliability viewpoint, certain wirebond pad metallizations may also be subject to corrosion from flux. A poorly maintained reflow oven may also drip flux condensate (usually in the exit – cooling – zone), and this too can be a cause of organic materials on wirebond pads.

As long as the bondwire is gold, and wirebond pads are covered in a uniform layer of gold, there is no problem (as long as the flux residue is washed off) since gold is unreactive, even in corrosive environments. Aluminum (Al) or aluminum/silicon (Al/Si) bondpads, however, are potentially reactive. Halogenated materials, such as fluxes and overmolding compounds may react with them to either reduce the wirebond pull strength and/or increase the wirebond junction resistance, leading to localized heating and subsequent thermal-related joint failure. Even covalently-bonded (C-X, where X is a halogen) materials may dissociate at high temperatures: which is how the banned brominated flame retardants work, of course.

The biggest danger of halogenated flux corroding wirebond pads is when:

1/ Completed assemblies (between the reflow process and the cleaning process) are left for a long time before cleaning; particularly if they are exposed to high humidity (high %RH) before cleaning.

2/ The cleaning process is inadequate: either due to poor selection of the cleaning solution, or poor bath maintenance, or inadequate “scrubbing” energy being imparted to the surface to be cleaned, or simply if inadequate time is allowed for cleaning.

Note that even optimizing 1/ and 2/ may still lead to bondpad corrosion.

The Indium9.72-HF paste is available in both type 3 and 4 powder, in the standard high-Pb alloys, Indalloy 151 (92.5Pb/5Sn/2.5Ag) and Indalloy 163 (95.5/2Sn/2.5Ag), and for larger die that need a higher reliability joint, we also offer the Indalloy 164 (92.5Pb/5In/2.5Ag). A Product Datasheet is available for download, of course.

Cheers! Andy

This blog has been in existence for a little over two years now, and we would like to thank our readers for the feedback and inquiries you have provided. I welcome your comments on what you would like from us. Leave a comment below, or email me at jhisert@indium.com.

And now a look back on past topics of interest:
 

Grid Ink, Silver Ink, Conductive Ink

Bismuth/Tin Tabbing Ribbon, A Low Temperature Pb-Free Alternative

Plated Metallization for C-Si Solar Cells

Increase Packing Density for Evaporation Crucibles

Photon’s 5th PV Tech Show 2010 USA

IPC Solar Standards Update

Solder Shelf Life as Explained by Eric Bastow

Tips to Speed Your Solder and Flux Selection

What's Happening in the Technical Service Department 

A Day in the Life of a Tech Guy

A Clean Laboratory

CIGS for Beginners

3rd Renewable Energy Expo 2009 in New Delhi, India

Solar Products and Representatives

Kleenex®, Google™, FedX®, CIGs?

Indium Solar Products Reunited

Trade Show Visitors Love the Ground Floor

Solar Product Data Sheets

Intersolar 2009 – What Barrier to CIGS Technology?

Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems - Will they reach 50% Efficiency?

Standards for Solar Panel Manufacturing

Solar Panel Certification: “Barrier and Benefit” Reviewed by Eric Bastow

Low Temperature Metallization Paste

What Will Your Interest Be At InterSolar? Meet the Bloggers And Let Us Know.

Share Your Solar Images

SAC vs. Sn/Ag for Solar Soldering

Solder Thickness for PV Interconnect

What is Bus Ribbon?

Standard PV Interconnect Ribbon Sizes

No-Clean Flux

Photovoltaics in EMS Sector

PV Interconnect Products

Eric Bastow - East Coast Technical Support

Mario Scalzo - West Coast Technical Support

Au/Sn Sputtering Targets

SMT Goes Solar

A Trip Down Memory Lane 

More Information About Metallization Paste

A year in the Life of a Solar Blog

CIG Target

23rd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition

TCO choices for CIGS manufacturing 

CIGS Absorber Layer Electroplating

No Slump Metallization Paste

Meet the Bloggers

CIGS - Can sputtering make a breakthrough?

Fluxes for Soldering Tabbing Ribbon

Computer Brain vs. Solar Photovoltaic

Beam it down from space

Selection of the Optimum Lead-Free Solder for Solar Tabbing Ribbon

Record Makes Thin-Film Solar Cell Competitive with Silicon Efficiency

Why Thin-Film Solar Cells are Here to Stay

Hot Rooftops to Flashy Digital Cameras

Synchronize Your Solar Cell

Solar Conversion Efficiencies  

Government Support is the Key

It's Just a Beginning ...

I work for a company that manufactures solder, so I have a pretty keen eye for it. Even so, it’s still hard to tell a Sn/Pb ingot of bar solder from a Pb-free bar at a glance. The best way to keep these solder alloys separate at your facility is to have a good storage/tracking system and to have them made in different shapes. These pictures depict 2 lots of solder ingot, one is Sn/Pb and the other is Pb Free. Notice the physical difference of the two. This is a fail-safe, in case the ingots are misplaced or left untracked at your facility. Of course, this isn’t anything revolutionary – but perhaps an way to easily add an extra measure of safety into your wave solder process.

Graping is a phenomenon which appears as un-reflowed solder particles, typically seen on the surface of the solder joint.  



             Cross-section of “graped” solder joint





The graping phenomena has become more common due to some of the following issues:

1. Reduction of the stencil aperture to accommodate smaller and smaller discrete and passive components (i.e. move from 0603”s to 0402”s to 0201’s)
2. The use of finer particle size solder pastes to accommodate fine feature printing (move from Type 3 to Type 4 to now to Type 5)
3. Higher reflow characteristics for Pb-free soldering
4. The use of water-soluble vs. no-clean solder pastes. No-clean chemistries generally protect the solder powder particles and the metallized surfaces from oxidation during the heating process (after the activator package removes existing oxides). (so how does water-soluble fit into this?)

A combination of any of these factors may exhaust the capability of the solder paste flux to remove surface oxides. This depletes the flux and exposes solder paste particles to oxidation, which means the solder particles do not coalesce into the solder joint.

To avoid the graping phenomenon, use the following tips in setting up your reflow profile. The intent here is to decrease the amount of heat the solder paste experiences during the reflow process.

1. A ramp to peak profile is better than a soak profile   
2. Decrease total time in oven by adjusting the belt speed. A ramp rate of 1°C/ second from ambient to peak is recommended
3. Use a lower peak temperature - 235°-240°C
4. Shorten the TAL to 40-60seconds

I love watching a good basketball game, and one of my favorite local teams is the Syracuse Orangemen. If you go to a Syracuse home game, notice the shot clock – it was made with Indium Corporation solder. There are a lot of places you can see our products in your everyday life. That smart phone in your pocket, the electrical components in your car, the thermal interface in the computer in front of you. That’s one of the things that makes this job rewarding, being part of so many various applications.

In addition to learning about these different applications, we also get a good reference for what assembly trends are developing, and which material technologies are becoming more popular. 

I’ve watched the halogen-free trend explode and fade, as it was adopted by some large OEMs and their contract manufacturers, but has not spread to most other companies. Another trend that is fading away from the spotlight is Pb-free die-attach solder, since the EU has not found a suitable replacement and has pushed back the exemption deadline. 

A long-existing topic that has had recent mention is solder jetting. The trend towards soldering smaller components is not new or surprising, but for smaller components (01005s and 0201s) we have seen a trend towards dispensing instead of jetting – which seems to suit those applications.

For small component printing, transfer efficiency is critical. Outside of solder paste optimization, “nano-stencil” technology is an upcoming technology that may take-off and improve paste release characteristics. Solder paste is being used in some other creative ways too, like low temperature alloy dipping paste for rework operations. Manycompanies are now using or evaluating specialized solder applications to replace components without fully reflowing the rest of the components on the board.

Integrated preforms are finding their way into more and more applications recently as well. These connected preforms are being used to reduce the need for component pallets and selective soldering operations.

All these applications are great ways that our customers are taking soldering technology to the next level, using materials and assembly methods that were not common before. I look forward to learning how you’d like to use solder in your application!

Okay, I have a confession to make: I’ve always had a grudge against bismuth, ever since I started recommending thermal interface materials. It is the polar opposite of my favorite element (indium) – well, as much as a metal can be. These 2 elements (indium or bismuth) are added to almost every solder with a lower solidus temperature than Sn/Pb. The choice for most thermal interface applications that I have dealt with was indium or an indium alloy, but now I am starting to become very fond of my new friend bismuth for solar applications.

Bi/Sn and Bi/Sn/Ag are now available as a solderable coating for our Tabbing and Bus Ribbon. After getting a feel for this material, I must say I find it pretty nice to work with. Both alloys melt at 138-139degC, with the Bi/Sn/Ag having a greater tensile strength (which is not necessarily a good thing for tabbing ribbon). With a little bit of lab time I have isolated an existing flux that works very well with these alloys. So far GS-5454 has formed good solder bonds down to 160degC. This is great news, because it allows you to minimize the reflow temperature (and stresses) of your C-Si/tabbing ribbon interface. 

~Jim

Reflow profiling can be broken down into several phases. I generally use the following;

Preheat

Pre-reflow

Reflow

Cooling

Preheat Phase preconditions the PCB assembly prior to actual reflow, removes flux volatiles, and reduces thermal shock to the PCB assembly. Because the preheat phase is often the longest of phases the ramp rate (rate/rise of time vs. temperature) is often established in this phase.

Pre-reflow Phase involves flux activation to remove surface oxides (on mating surfaces as well as the solder paste particles themselves), further pre-conditions the PCB assembly before reflow, and can be utilized for the soak portion of the profile, if needed. A soak profile may be suggested to diminish any delta T between components if there are both very small and very large components or the physical size of the PCB assembly is very large in and of itself. A soak profile is also often suggested to reduce voiding in area array type packages, though with Pb-free chemistries, this is often not as effective as with SnPb.

Reflow Phase is where the mechanical/electrical connection is made through the formation of intermetallics. Peak temperature and TAL (time above liquidus) help define the actual reflow portion of the profile. Peak temperature 20-40°C above liquidus and TAL of 30-90s is common.

Cooling Phase determines the grain structure when solidified and is defined as the solder cools from the peak temperature to solidus. A fast cooling rate is desired to create a fine grain structure (most mechanically sound) but is limited by the differences in CTE (coefficient of thermal expansion) of the joining surfaces. If excessive, stress can be exerted on the solder joint or component, fracturing or tearing can occur. Cooling rate of 4°C/s is commonly suggested.

Ramp to Peak profile depicted

For more please see “Best Practices Reflow Profiling For Pb-free SMT Assembly"

隨著無鉛化(Pb-free)和消費電子設備的微型化(miniaturization)，電子組裝加工過程中出現越來越多的“枕頭效應”(Head-in-Pillow)，也可以叫做“枕頭現象”。

枕頭效應主要是在BGA元件的回流過程中，由於元件或是電路板的板蹺(warping), 使BGA錫球和錫膏分開了，然後各自的表面層被氧化(oxidized), 儅再接觸時，就形成枕頭形狀的焊接，而不是完整的良好焊接了。在最後的功能性測試(functional test) 或是板内測試(ICT---in circuit test)的時候，或許外界的壓力能使具有枕頭現象的不良焊接BGA能夠通過測試；但是最終產品在使用的早期，一般很快就會被發現有功能問題的。

枕頭效應也有可能是由於被污染了錫球的BGA， 或是因爲無鉛的較高爐溫曲綫而使BGA錫球過早氧化，或是各種原因的綜合而引起的。

建議的解決辦法有：

²       使用可靠性高的焊接材料。

²       做到精確良好的印刷錫膏過程

²       確保BGA錫球不會被污染或是過早被氧化

²       如果可以不用有恆溫區間的爐溫曲綫(soak profile), 盡量用綫性爐溫曲綫(linear profile)

最近聼了一些講座，看了一些資料和案例，小小總結一下，與大家分享。與歡迎大家不吝賜教！

Cheers!

 

Pic: The Indium Corporation

• use SAC305 and keep the alloy the same as the SMT process
• choose a low silver (Ag)/Ag-free alloy which is substantially lower in cost

Conductive epoxy is a common material choice for bonding components, especially if the assembly process is temperature-sensitive. Tin-based solder paste or preforms with flux are preferred Pb-free bonding materials; however, conductive epoxies arguably provide advantages over these traditional solder assembly materials. 

It has been my experience that these advantages are perceived in the absence of an awareness of the full solder assembly materials product offering. Specialty solders can provide the same advantages as conductive epoxies and then some.   

Some claimed advantages to conductive epoxies include:

·         RoHS-compliance

·         Ease of assembly

·         No-clean

·         Low cure temperatures

Low-temperature solders such as 58Bi42Sn and 52In48Sn are specialty low-temperature solders which have these same properties including processing temperatures below 150ºC. Both of the referenced alloys are Pb-free, can-be used with no-clean fluxes and are assembled using the traditional solder assembly techniques.

It would seem a toss-up between whether to use a conductive epoxy or specialty solder to assemble temperature-sensitive components except that there are additional advantages to a soldered assembly as compared with an epoxy-assembly. These include:

·         Thermal cycling reliability

·         Solder material consistency

·         Reworkability

·         Thermal Conductivity

1. Cost of implementation - There are a significant number of small electronics assemblers throughout the USA.  These "mom and pop shops" may only have one or two SMT lines that build for a very specific and niche application.  Many of these products never leave the United States and, therefore, the assembler never had to worry about the EU restrictions.  A quick Internet search can show the millions of dollars that major electronics manufacturers spent on the conversion from Sn/Pb solder to Pb-Free solder.  The cost of compliance will risk putting these small companies out of business.  The last thing the USA needs right now is fewer companies and fewer jobs!
2. Lack of long term global law uniformity - While this US RoHS bill is set up to match the current EU version, there is already a revision in the works in Europe.  Therefore, there will always be a struggle to globally match other laws.  To make it even more of a challenge, China is also working on their own RoHS law.
3. Unknown Reliability - The United States has already lost the majority of the high volume, low cost electronics assembly (such as cell phones and computers).  Now the US electronics manufacturing landscape is for predominately medical, military, and automotive applications.  These products usually have much more stringent reliability requirements.  At best, reliability experts will say that the we still don't have enough history to accurately predict the reliability of Pb-Free solders.  However, most also believe that Pb-Free will not be as reliable as Sn/Pb in many applications.

Andy Mackie: What role does gold play in protecting surfaces in SMT and semiconductor assembly processes?

Lenora Toscano: Gold does not form an oxide; it protects the nickel from oxidation or passivation. A clean nickel surface has very high solderability for most solder types, but its oxide is very difficult to remove with standard flux types. Also, gold dissolves almost instantaneously into most solders during assembly, thus promoting superior wettability.

Andy Mackie: What standards exist on the thickness of gold for different electronics and semiconductor assembly applications?

Lenora Toscano: The main application of ENIG (electroless nickel/immersion gold) coating is in chip-on-board (COB) technology, the typical thickness of the immersion gold layer on the HDI substrate being 3-5 micro-inches.

Edge connectors typically require the use of hard gold. Acid gold deposits are used for compliance with MIL-STD-275, which states that gold shall be in accordance with MIL-G-45204, Type II, Class 1. The thickness shall be 50-100 micro-inches, typical thickness is 30-50 micro-inches on 150micro-inches nickel.

On the other hand, for solderable surfaces, typical thickness is 5-15 micro-inches on 150micro-inches nickel.

For wire bonding, in general, gold plating of a minimum of 30 micro-inches on 200 micro-inches nickel works well. Soft gold is generally preferred. Soft gold processes are also used for boards designed for semiconductor chip (die) attachment. These qualities comply with Type I and III of MIL-G-45204.

Andy Mackie:  What are the differences between gold layers deposited by immersion gold and electroplated gold processes?

Lenora Toscano: There are five main differences:

1. The coating thickness is different. Immersion gold is a displacement reaction, gold displaces the nickel on the surface, and is self-limiting as the nickel surface is coated with the immersion gold. Common baths cannot produce thicknesses of much more than 10 micro-inches, while with electroplated gold the thickness depends on current and time. The higher current or longer the plating time the thicker the gold coating.
2. The structure of the gold deposit layers is different. Electroplated gold is denser that the naturally porous immersion deposit.
3. The hardness is usually different. Electroplated gold often has other metals introduced into the plating that make the deposit harder.
4. Porosity is different. Immersion deposits have more porosity that electroplated deposits; it is the nature of the plating system.
5. Deposition composition (purity) varies with additives in the bath. Immersion gold baths contain gold as the only plated metal, while electroplating systems may introduce small amounts of other metals.

Andy Mackie: How thick does gold have to be to fully protect the underlying surface, and what are the trade-offs as customers attempt to reduce their gold costs?

Lenora Toscano: Per IPC-4552 ENIG specification, 1.97 micro-inches is the recommended minimum at +/-4 sigma from the mean, with 3 – 5 micro-inches being typical.

The immersion gold deposit is porous by definition. It does offer very good protection to the underlying nickel, but over time the porosity of the deposit results in the passivation of the nickel surface and the wetting forces will be reduced. Of course, this process should take years to occur, but if the gold coating is too thin (below the minimum requirement), it will occur sooner and affect the solderability. 

Andy Mackie: What advantage does gold have over silver or other metals?

Lenora Toscano: Again, gold has good tarnish resistance and solderability after storage because it does not form an oxide or hydroxides, so it is unaffected by temperature and storage conditions that might reduce the shelf-life of the other finishes. It meets requirements for lead-free (Pb-free) assembly while offering a coplanar surface that is both solderable and aluminum-wire and gold-wire bondable.

Gold has good electrical conductivity, and produces a contact surface with low electrical resistance. Electroplated gold is also an excellent etch resist.

Electroplated silver is not widely used in the printed circuit industry. Under certain conditions or electrical potential and humidity, silver will migrate along the surface of the deposit and through the body of insulation to produce low-resistance leakage paths. Alkaline cyanide baths for silver electroplating are highly toxic.

Immersion silver is susceptible to problems if not correctly stored and even packaged. Packaging materials that contain sulfur or allow exposure to air will result in tarnishing of the surface (sulfide, sulfate, and chloride formation). High levels of surface contamination can detrimentally affect solderability.

每次给汽车加油的时候，每天听新闻报道当日的国际原油价格的时候，我都在想这种逐渐的累积涨势，又要引起世界上大宗商品价格的上升了。这也会间接影响到我的工作了。

焊锡膏系列，特别是无铅锡膏(Pb-free solder materials)，主要成分是锡Tin.  比如说常用的SAC 305, 就有96.5% 的锡，3%的银，和0.5% 的铜。   下面有伦敦金属交易市场(London Metal Exchange, LME)和上海金属交易市场(Shanghai Metal Market, SMM)过去一年的锡银铜价格走势。

Pic: 上海金属交易市场网

Ignoring the solder selection as part of your design process is risky business. 

As Terry Costlow, the IPC online editor of EMS Now noted in an article ‘Controlling the Explosion of Lead Free Solders’, the choice of the right solder alloy can affect the manufacturing process, the cost, and the field performance of the product.

Initially it was thought that the move to Pb free solders was just a matter of changing reflow profiles but major issues such as tin whiskers, brittle intermetallic layers and other concerns soon pushed solder selection into the forefront.

With over 200 published alloys and over 300 custom alloys shipped each year, we have seen the need for considering the solder design first.  Before you settle on a solder you have to consider:

·         Surface metallizations

·         Operational temperature of your product or device

·         Form of the solder you want to use (solder paste, solder preform, solder wire, etc.)

·         Temperature of subsequent soldering steps

·         Thermal coefficient of expansion

·         Tensile strength

And these are just a few of the considerations.  Let us help you make the right selection.  Contact us at: askus@indium.com.

Feel free to discuss solder selection with our industry professional, Dr. Lasky on November 11^th, IPC is having a materials conference: Engineering for Compliance in Irvine, CA.

• Sn Whiskers - Sn whiskers are filament growth that protrudes from pure Sn surface coatings and are a result of the compressive stress inside of that Sn.  For an overview of Sn whiskers, check out the article titled Structure and Kinetics of Sn Whisker Growth on Pb-free Solder Finish.  When looking at Sn whisker mitigation, it turns out that Pb added to Sn is very effective.  That's why Sn/Pb components never show whisker growth.  There are other mitigation techniques such as Ni underplating and doping with Bi but they don't seem as effective a good old Sn/Pb.  Over time (often greater than 5 years), whiskers can grow large enough to form a short between adjacent components.  Whiskers may not be a big issue for cell phones (because of their short life) but is a major concern for military, medical, and aerospace electronics.
• Pb-Free Alloy Reliability - The two most common alloys used for Pb-Free soldering are SAC305 and SAC387.  When compared to Sn63Pb37, the SAC alloys are considerably more brittle.  This means that under low stress conditions, they actually may be more reliable than Sn/Pb.  However, under higher stress conditions, Sn/Pb can creep to absorb some of that stress while SAC alloys can simply fracture.  The reduced reliability of SAC can be seen under challenging thermal cycling and drop testing.  There are studies on doped SAC alloys that show promise in bridging the reliability gap, but more work is necessary in this area.
• Higher Reflow Temperatures - The peak reflow temperature for Sn/Pb assemblies was generally around 210-215 C.  For Pb-Free assembly, it tends to be around 240-250 C.  This increase of 30+ C can reap havoc on boards and components.  For components, higher temperatures increase their susceptibility to moisture.  The MSL levels are generally more stringent for Pb-Free.  For boards, you can get barrel cracking, delamination, and CAF growth.
• Proven Pb-Free Issues: There have been a number of reported issues that are likely related to Pb-Free.  Here are a couple: NASA and Sn whiskers; Pacemakers; X-Box RROD (Red Ring of Death)

• Recycling - As Dr. Lasky notes in his blog, there are a number of benefits to eliminating Pb from the recycling process.  Although, Pb contamination can easily be dealt with at state of the art recycling facilities, there are unfortunately too many uncontrolled reclaim situations in poor and developing countries.  The elimination of Pb makes those people safer.
• Technology Advancement - Consumer electronics are almost completely Pb-Free and have been since 2006.  Since 2006, we have seen a significant amount of advancement in the technology behind cell phones, laptop computers, and handheld GPS.  Had Pb-Free been such an impediment, there would have clearly been some stagnation in the advancement of those technologies.  In consumer electronics, there has been the implementation of 0.4 and 0.3 mm pitch CSP's, 0201's, package-on-package (PoP) to continue to improve the technologies.  Remember, the first iPhone was Pb-Free!  As the technology advances, there will always be challenges but they are not directly related to going Pb-Free.
• Whiskers (Non)Issue - It is absolutely proven that pure Sn can form whiskers that could be a long term reliability issue.  However, there are existing Pb-Free alternatives today and in many cases the standard mitigation techniques are good enough.  The real issue here is cost.  People want to use pure Sn (or as little mitigation adders as possible) to get the cheapest component.  However, if you eliminate the Sn, you can eliminate the whiskers.  Texas Instruments uses Ni/Pd/Au for many parts.  That is Pb-Free and contains no Sn.  Whisker free alternatives do exist!